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Rather than repeating the description, given on the home page, I will let tell you about the circumstances that led to my writing and publishing this book: During the early 1990's, while I was working in Olympia, Washington, doing consulting for several natural resource agencies, I gradually came to the realization that some of them were deliberately depressing the salmon stocks. However, although, I had no doubt about what they were doing, I did not know what to do about it. Finally I decided that I should tell one of the leading environmental groups. I thought that they might do something. After all, that is the sort of thing those groups do. So, I made an appointment to speak with the head of one of the largest and most prominent of them. At that meeting, I told him about what was happening, for about fifteen minutes. Then, he stopped me and he said, "Yes, we are doing it but you'll never be able to prove it."The next day, I went to the local environmental newspaper and clearing house and asked them about it. --- It was easy for me to pass as one of them, as I am a PhD ecologist, although I am a scientist instead of a political doctrinaire. --- Nevertheless, they took me as one of them and, seeing as I already knew part of the story, they told me the rest. What they said was, that every Thursday, at 1:00 pm, the heads of the State natural resources agencies, the Tribal Fisheries Commission and the leading environmental groups had been meeting to decide which stocks to depress, in order to leverage political policies. The environmental newspaper had routinely sent a reporter to these meetings, to keep abreast of developing issues. The next week I sent a friend to their meeting, who they did not know, to see what they were doing. He told me that that was, indeed, what they were doing. Then, I began writing Salmon at Risk. However, I was still unconvinced that this issue was important enough to warrant publication. Nevertheless, an event occurred that showed me that it was... At that time, I used to drive to Seattle once a week to race sailboats. One night after the race, as I drove home down the interstate, I noticed that a car seemed to be following we. When I reached Olympia and took my exit, it did too. It even came right into the parking lot of the large apartment complex where I lived. I turned around a corner of a building, parked, and darted into my apartment before they came around the corner. When I peaked out through the blinds, I saw them parked outside, with someone seated inside it the car. --- I thought, "Oh, this is crazy. This is just a coincidence. I'm getting paranoid." So, I turned on the lights. --- The car immediately started its engine and drove off. About a week later, there was knock on my door. It was the lady who lived upstairs. She was a senior secretary in some government agency: a solid prosaic sort of individual. She asked me if I was aware that I was being watched. --- It seems that two young men who did not live in the apartment complex had been working on a car, across the parking lot from where I lived. When I was indoors they would just sit around, smoke cigarettes and talk but the moment I came out, they would jump up and look as though they were working on their car. I probably should have reported them to the police but they were so inept that I did not find them the least bit threatening.... After several weeks, they went away. One day, about a week after that, in the middle of a bright sunny morning, I walked to the grocery store, as I often did. As I approached one of the stoplights on the road, I was not particularly paying attention to an old pickup, waiting at the light, although I was aware of it. When the light turned, it accelerated down the road towards me. As it came past me, the driver reached over to the passenger seat, picked up a revolver and fired a single shot out the window at me. He missed and was a hundred yards down the road before I fully realized what had happened. That convinced me: If it was important enough for someone to do all that they did, it was important enough to publish.
Table of ContentsChapter 1 The Indian Treaties1.1 Basis for Treaty Making 1.2 The Status of the Conquered 1.3 Consequences of Conflicting Legal Status 1.4 Exploration and Settlement of the Northwest 1.5 Washington's Indian Treaties 1.6 Text of the Stevens' Treaties 1.7 Negotiation of the Treaties 1.8 Indian War 1.9 Settlement and Statehood 1.10 Federal Regulation: 1857-1934 1.11 Indian Citizenship and Suffrage 1.12 Indian's Partial Immunity to State Law 1.13 The Howard-Wheeler Act of 1934 1.14 Voluntary Termination 1.15 Termination Reversed: the 1960's Chapter 2 The Boldt and Orrick Decisions2.1 The Indian Movement 2.2 Indian Fisheries Law Cases 2.3 The Boldt decision 2.4 Flaws in Boldt's Decision 2.5 Washington vs. WSCPFA 2.6 Legal Doctrines 2.7 Boldt II Decision 2.8 The Supremacy Clause 2.9 Judicial Legislation on Indian Treaties 2.10 Citizen's Initiative 456 2.11 The UN Charter: Indigenous People 2.12 Indigenous People: Rights under the UN 2.13 UN Draft Proposal on Indigenous People 2.14 Views of a Few Tribal Leaders 2.15 Shellfish 2.16 Mr. Johnson's Closing Arguments in the Shellfish Case Chapter 3 Consequences of Orrick's Decision3.1 The Formation of the Northwest Renewable Resources Center 3.2 The Northwest Renewable Resources Center's Board of Directors 3.3 Biographical Information 3.4 Composition of the Northwest Renewable Resources Center 3.5 The Northwest Renewable Resources Center's Approach 3.6 The TFW Agreement 3.7 Coercion 3.8 Mediation 3.9 Co-Management of Salmon 3.10 Effects of Fraidenburg's Paper 3.11 Public Involvement 3.12 Support by the Media 3.13 Control of the Press 3.14 Environmental Organizations Chapter 4 Indian Fisheries Problems4.1 Under-Reporting of Indian Subsistence Fishing 4.2 Poaching in the Indian Commercial Fishery 4.3 Indian Wastage 4.4 Indian Bychatch 4.5 Inappropriate Indian Catch Limits 4.6 Decreased Fish Size 4.7 User Regulation of Public Resources Chapter 5 WDFW5.1 History of the Departments of Fisheries and Wildlife 5.2 Merger of Fisheries and Wildlife 5.3 Personnel Structure 5.4 Quantitative Skills 5.5 Fish and Wildlife's Admission of Non-Performance 5.6 Funding 5.7 Hatcheries as Harvesters 5.8 Hatcheries and Overfishing 5.9 Genetic Manipulation of the Stocks 5.10 Failure to Transport 5.11 Paper Salmon 5.12 Restructuring the Fish and Wildlife Commission 5.13 Appointed Commission 5.14 Reviving the Department 5.15 Escapement First Management: SB2021 5.16 Save Our Sealife's Initiative 640 Chapter 6 A Proposal for Restructuring Fish and Wildlife Management6.1 Accountability and Government Structure 6.2 County Authority 6.3 Commission 6.4 Finances for Fish and Wildlife Agencies 6.5 Preservation of All Stocks is Inappropriate for Wild Salmon 6.6 Mixed-Stock Versus Single-Stock Management of Salmon 6.7 Management of Colonizer Species 6.8 Management Objectives 6.9 Individual Transferable Quotas (ITQ's) 6.10 Japanese Ownership of American Fisheries in the Pacific 6.11 Individual Transferable Quotas for Local Owner Operators 6.12 Maximum Sustainable Yield 6.13 Gear Limitations 6.14 Public Access and Presence Chapter 7 The PFMC7.1 The Magnuson Fisheries Act 7.2 Law of the Sea 7.3 The Underlying Principle of the FCMA 7.4 Structural Problems 7.5 Reauthorizing Federal Regulation of Fisheries 7.6 Proposal 7.7 Misregulation by Federal Government 7.8 Conclusion Chapter 8 The Scientific Community8.1 Salmon Treaty 8.2 Alaskan Interception 8.3 UW_COFS 8.4 Friends of Ralph Yorque 8.5 Risk Averse Methods Chapter 9 Biology of Salmon9.1 Characteristic Salmon Life History 9.2 Pink Salmon, Humpys 9.3 Chum Salmon, Dog Salmon 9.4 Chinook, King Salmon 9.5 Coho, Silver Salmon 9.6 Steelhead and Cutthroat 9.7 Sockeye Salmon, Red Salmon 9.8 Minor Causes for the Decline of Salmon 9.9 Habitat 9.10 Pollution 9.11 Seals and Other Marine Mammals 9.12 Foreign Fishing 9.13 Columbia River 9.14 Recovery Time Chapter 10 The Weyerhaeusers and Their Company10.1 The Weyerhaeuser Family 10.2 Weyerhaeuser Company 10.3 Their Board of Directors 10.4 Interlocking Directorates Chapter 11 The Washington Roundtable11.1 Earlier Socialist Activity in Washington State 11.2 Composition 11.3 The Washington Roundtable's Board of Directors 11.4 Biographical Information 11.5 Outcome Based Education 11.6 Outcome Based Education in the Soviet Union 11.7 Roundtable Education Program 11.8 Big Brother's Computer: The Department of Information Services 11.9 Higher Education 11.10 Northwest Renewable Resources Center Chapter 12 The Nature Conservancy of Washington12.1 Origin of The Nature Conservancy 12.2 Origin of the Chapters in Washington State 12.3 Take-Over by Big Money 12.4 The Nature Conservancy's Northwest Office 12.5 The Evans Administration 12.6 Nature Preserves? 12.7 The Nature Conservancy, Washington Chapter, Board of Trustees 12.8 Biographical Information 12.9 Washington Wildlife and Recreation Coalition 12.10 Land Acquisition 12.11 Conservation of School Lands 12.12 Debt for Nature Swaps Chapter 13 Marine Sanctuaries, National Estuaries, and Federal Parks13.1 Federal Marine Sanctuaries 13.2 Federal Confiscation of Property Rights: Winters' Doctrine 13.3 Public Trust Doctrine 13.4 National Estuary Program 13.5 Puget Sound Water Quality Authority 13.6 North Cascades International Peace Park 13.7 The Opium Trade Chapter 14 The Discovery Institute14.1 Board of Directors 14.2 Board of Advisors 14.3 Fellows 14.4 Composition 14.5 Current Programs 14.6 In Intermodal Public-Private Transportation Plan 14.7 Prison Labor --- The Savior of International Trade 14.8 International Seattle Chapter 15 The Politicians15.1 Context for the 1993 and 1994 Legislative Sessions 15.2 Citizens' Initiative 601 15.3 Legislators and Bills 15.4 Liberal and Big Business Republicans 15.5 Sponsors of House and Senate Bills, 1995 15.6 Legislative Bills from 1995 Appendix A Literature CitedAppendix B The Washington State LegislatureB.1 How Bills Become Law B.2 How to Influence Public Policy Appendix C GlossaryAppendix D IndexAppendix E AfterwardE.1 Positivism and Case Law E.2 Final Appeal of Boldt II
PrefaceThese two studies discuss Washington State politics. Salmon at Risk is an independent review of the politics of salmon in Washington State. I wrote this book because, as a fisheries scientist, I was appalled at the deliberate mis-management of salmon and the other exploited natural resources in Washington State. I found compelling evidence that these abuses are deliberate and arise from the actions of a coalition. My viewpoint on the management of exploited natural resources is that they should be managed to maximize the long-term benefit to the citizens of the State. For living resources that means self-replenishing while for mined resources that means extraction over a long time period. This management should be based on sound science and should be conducted or overseen by qualified experts. However, expertise alone isn't sufficient. Personal integrity and impartiality are necessary for both good management and good science. Furthermore, management decisions and scientific results should be open to public scrutiny. The Elite Planners is an analysis of the interlocking directorates of the most influential planning organizations in Washington State. They are the source of many of our current public policies, including those on natural resource and land-use management. It should also be said that this is a living document. --- It is a repository of information. Its early editions had been a book, which provides its organizations, but I added things to it from time-to-time as I came across them. consequently, you will find that it contains a wealth of information, but also that it is of very uneven writing quality. --- I stopped adding to it in 1995. the second printing is identical to the first except 1) this preface and appendix E; 2) Elite Planners appears after Salmon at Risk instead of before it; and 3) its first three chapters were omitted. The reason for these latter two changes is that those chapters of Elite Planners contained a brief history, which has now been entirely superseded by my, soon to be published book, Politics of Change which is now virtually done. |